［Objective］To enhance the fire resistance and salt spray resistance of intumescentfire-retardant coatings for steel structures using expandable graphite（EG）as a synergist.［Methods］ The effects and mechanisms of EG on the fire resistance and salt spray resistance were investigatedusing cone calorimetry，thermogravimetric analysis（TGA）， and neutral salt spray testing.［Results］ The addition of EG could effectively enhance the coating′s fire resistance and smoke suppressionproperties. The peak heat release rate and the peak smoke generation rate of the coating after the residual carbon rate at 700 ℃ was increased to 28. 3%. This enhancement was primarily attributed tothe formation of worm-like structures by EG during the combustion process，which reinforced the denseness of the expanded carbon layer to block the heat and material transfer more effectively. Saltspray tests revealed that exposure to a neutral salt spray environment could damage the structuralintegrity of the coating，leading to an increase in the heat release rate and smoke production. However， the addition of EG could delay the coating′s aging process induced by salt spray to a certain extent.Consequently，even after aging，EG-modified coatings maintained lower heat release，reduced smoke production，and superior carbon layer stability compared to unmodified coatings. Notably，the residual carbon rate at 700 ℃ for the aged EG-modified coating was 15. 4% higher than that of the aged coatingwithout EG.［Conclusion］ EG as a synergist of intumescent steel structure fire-retardant coatingscould significantly improve the fire resistance and salt spray resistance of the coating.

［Objective］ To obtain fireproof coatings with high bonding strength and low expansion.［Method］This study selected epoxy resin with excellent bonding properties as the matrixand glass powder as the flame-blocking inorganic filler. A glass powder/epoxy resin fireproof coatingwas successfully prepared by optimizing its composition. The influence of glass powder content on themicrostructure，thermal conductivity and bonding properties was investigated，and the fireproofperformance was tested and the fireproofing mechanism was investigated through the alcohol blowtorch experiment.［Results］The results indicated that the glass powder was diffusely dispersed within thecontinuous network structure of the epoxy resin. The bonding strength of the coating to stainless steelgradually decreased with increasing glass powder content，yet remained above 10 MPa overall. Fireproofcoatings with a glass content exceeding 50vol% exhibited good fire resistacne and low expansioncharacteristics. A continuous white glass layer formed on the flame-exposed surface，while the temperature on the unexposed side remained stable below 180 ℃ . Furthermore，the sample showed insignificant expansion during the fire test.［Conclusion］ The prepared glass powder/epoxy resinfireproof coatings show promising application potential in fields requiring high bonding strength and lowexpansion，such as new energy vehicle components and power battery systems.

［Objective］By adding modified inorganic fillers，the abrasion resistance of the coating is improved，providing effective solutions for long-lasting anti-icing.［Methods］ A highly durable hydrophobic coating with delayed icing effect was prepared，with fluorocarbon resin as the film-formingmaterial and quartz powder and silica combined with low surface energy long-chain organosilicon asthe functional fillers. The study focused on the coating′s hydrophobicity，resistance to mechanical damage，artificial weathering test and anti-icing performance.［Results］The results showed that the developed coating had water contact angle of 120°，classifying it as a non-wetting hydrophobic material. The pull-off adhesion reached 7 MPa，and after abraded 3 000 r by abrasive wheels，the mass loss was less than 0. 05 g. After 3 000 h of artificial weathering test the gloss retention exceeded 80%.Additionally，water droplets at low-temperature environments revealed a significant delay in iceformation and reducing ice adhesion on the coating.［Conclusion］Homemade organic silicon anti-icing coatings have anti-icing performance and high abrasion resistance，and are expected to provide an important solution to icing problems in wind power facilities，railway transportation，and power transmission in low-temperature environments.

［Objective］To solve the problems of excessively high viscosity and uneven stirring inwaterborne bisphenol A epoxy zinc-rich coatings during phase inversion emulsification when noexternal diluent is added while the epoxy component serves as the carrier for zinc powder.［Methods］ Three binary amide acids were synthesized using 4-methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride and commercially available diamines as raw materials. These amide acids were subsequently reacted withbisphenol A epoxy resin E51 to yield three corresponding amide acid-modified epoxy resins. The modified resins were blended with an emulsifier and propylene glycol methyl ether to produce awaterborne zinc-rich epoxy resin suitable for waterborne zinc-rich coating systems. The structures ofthe amide acids and amide acid-modified epoxy resins were confirmed by ¹H NMR and infraredspectroscopy. The viscosity and glass transition temperature（T_g）of the amide acid-modified epoxyresins were characterized using rheometer and differential scanning calorimetry，respectively. Additionally，the amide acid-modified waterborne zinc-rich epoxy resins were formulated into coatingswith a commercially available amine-based curing agent to study the viscosity variation during thephase inversion process and the coating application performance. The practical performance of thecoatings was evaluated through water resistance，alkali resistance，and salt spray tests.［Results］The viscosity and T_g of the amide acid-modified epoxy resins were significantly lower than those ofbisphenol A epoxy resin E20. Notably，the prepared coatings exhibited no sharp viscosity increaseduring the emulsification and phase-inversion process，demonstrating superior application performance compared to commercial counterparts. The coatings also displayed excellent media resistance.［Conclusion］The resin derived from m-xylylenediamine displayed the most balanced comprehensive properties，along with superior application performance，effectively fulfilling the practical requirements for such products.

［Objective］ Develop a novel waterborne epoxy composite coating to address theissues of low coating hardness and inadequate anti -corrosion performance caused by the introductionof hydrophilic groups.［Method］In this work，the hydrophilic segment Tween 20 was grafted onto epoxy resin（E-44）using isophorone diisocyanate to synthesize an emulsifier with a structure similar tothat of epoxy resin. The emulsification process parameters were optimized，determining that the mass ratio of emulsifier to epoxy resin was 1. 2∶1，the phase inversion temperature was 50 ℃，and the stirring rate was 800 r/min. On this basis，the impacts of adding graphene in different proportions on theshielding and corrosion resistance of the coating were further explored.［Results］The average particlesize of the prepared waterborne epoxy emulsion reached the nanometer scale. The coating film exhibited a hardness of 3H and an adhesion grade of 0，demonstrating excellent overall performance.Electrochemical tests indicated that the corrosion current density of the base waterborne epoxy coating was 1. 348×10^-6 A/cm². When the graphene content was 0. 8%，the coating exhibited optimal anti-corrosion performance，with the corrosion current density further decreasing to 1. 322×10^-8 A/cm².［Conclusion］The synthesized emulsifier had the main structural backbone similar to the epoxy resin， which effectively emulsified epoxy resin and improved the film hardness. The incorporation of an appropriate amount of graphene could significantly prevent water penetration，thereby endowingwaterborne epoxy composite coating with excellent anti-corrosion performance and promisingapplication prospects.

［Objective］ A thermosetting phenolic resin CAPF was prepared using bio-based cardanol-modified m-cresol and toughened，aiming to develop a high-performance protective coatingresin with both excellent hardness and toughness.［Methods］The thermosetting phenolic resin CAPF was synthesized via addition and polycondensation reactions using cardanol，m-cresol，and formaldehyde as raw materials，and sodium hydroxide as alkaline catalyst. The physical properties ofresin and the properties of the coating were tested. The effects of cardanol content on the properties ofmodified phenolic resin CAPF were studied.［Results］With the introduction and increase of cardanol， the viscosity and solid content of the resin gradually increase，and the storage stability shows a trend offirst increasing and then decreasing. While the coating maintains or improves hardness and adhesion， its toughness shows a trend of first rising and then falling，reaching the best balance when the mass ratio of cardanol to m-cresol is 3∶7，with a hardness of 2H，adhesion at level 0，and impact resistance passing at 50 cm.［Conclusion］Cardanol phenol-modified phenolic resin（CAPF）was successfullyprepared，while retaining the inherent high hardness and strong adhesion of phenolic coating，the resin enhances their toughness and has considerable application potential in the field of high-performance protective coatings.

［Objective］To achieve high-efficiency corrosion resistance of chromium-free Zn-Alsystem under ultrathin coating conditions.［Methods］A multifunctional composite coating system was constructed，using hydrogenated bisphenol A epoxy resin as the matrix，flake Zn-Al powder as the anti-rust pigment，and compounded with nano-indium oxide and PTFE-modified polyethylene wax powder.［Results］Compared with conventional spherical zinc powder，flake Zn-Al powder，arranged through face-to-face contact，significantly improves the coating′s conductivity and physical shieldingperformance. When the aluminum powder accounts for 7% of the total zinc-aluminum mass，it can effectively inhibit the dissolution rate of the Zn anode and the formation of white rust. The appropriateaddition of nano-indium oxide（1%）can enhance the stability of the coating′s microscopic conductive pathways，and through the synergistic mechanism of local electron migration and Cl⁻ . adsorption， significantly extend the cathodic protection period. The introduction of low-melting-point PTFE-modified PE wax powder allows for directional migration and enrichment to the coating surface duringthermal curing，forming a dense hydrophobic surface layer that further blocks the penetration of corrosive media，thereby synergistically enhancing corrosion resistance.［Conclusion］ This coating system demonstrates excellent mechanical stability and long-lasting corrosion resistance，showing potential as a green alternative Zn-Al anti-corrosion coating.

［Objective］ To solve the degradation performance limitations and environmentalconcerns of traditional polyurethane coatings in marine antifouling applications，a series of degradable waterborne polyurethane（WPU）coatings modified with biomass materials were developed.［Methods］ A waterborne polyurethane emulsion with an R-value of 1. 2 was synthesized using polycaprolactonediol and isophorone diisocyanate. The emulsion was then blend-modified with four different biomassmaterials：microcrystalline cellulose（MCC），modified cellulose（MC），coconut shell fiber（CSF），and water-soluble starch（WS）. The polyurethane emulsion was characterized by FT-IR. A systematic evaluation was conducted on the emulsion′s stability，solid content，and the corresponding coating′s pencil hardness，hydrophilicity，and biodegradability. The optimized formulation was combined with anantifouling agent to to prepare antifouling coatings，whose inhibitory efficacy against Chlorella vulgans and Golden-brown algae was investigated. The performance was further validated through field testsusing submerged panels in a marine environment.［Results］Both modified cellulose and water-soluble starch contributed to maintaining the stability of the polyurethane emulsion and reduced the hydrophilicity of the coating. Microcrystalline cellulose，modified cellulose，and coconut shell fiber enhanced the coating hardness. The antifouling coatings exhibited significant inhibitory effects againstboth algal species. Marine exposure tests demonstrated that in the Cu2O system，the addition of 1% microcrystalline cellulose or 1% modified cellulose yielded the best antifouling performance，while in the DCOIT system，1% microcrystalline cellulose was most effective.［Conclusion］Biomass materials can effectively modulate the properties and degradation behavior of polyurethane coatings. The incorporation of 1% microcrystalline cellulose or modified cellulose facilitates effective synchronizationbetween the release of of antifouling agents and the degradation process of the polyurethane matrix， leading to significantly improved antifouling efficacy and showing good application potential.

［Objective］To solve the high reliance of polyacrylate water dispersion on petroleum-based chemicals in the production process，a low-carbon and environmentally friendly preparation route for acrylate was developed.［Methods］ In this study， vanillin acrylate（VA） and tetrahydrogeraniol acrylate（THGA）were used to replace traditional petroleum-based compounds toprepare different bio-based acrylate water dispersions and coatings. The influence of bio-based monomers on the performance of the products was investigated，and the renewable carbon content of the products was gradually increased.［Results］ The bio-based acrylic water dispersion（PMAIV） prepared with 25%VA and the dispersion（PMAIVT） prepared from 25%VA and 30%THGA allindicated good storage stability. The particle size distribution was uniform，and the prepared paint film indicated high thermal stability. The renewable carbon contents were 24. 99% and 51. 24%， respectively.［Conclusion］The two types of bio-based acrylic water dispersions obtained indicatedgood storage stability and mechanical stability. The resulting paint films showed good physical andmechanical properties and high gloss，providing a new route for the development of low-carbon andenvironmentally friendly waterborne acrylic coatings.

［Objective］To develop a high-performance coatings for the backside of solar thermal mirrors using a self-made blocked polyisocyanate curing agent.［Methods］ The blocked polyisocyanate curings agent was synthesized using aliphatic hexamethylene diisocyanate（HDI）， trimethylolpropane（TMP），and 3，5-dimethylpyrazole as raw materials. A one-component mirror backcoatings was prepared with functional polyester topcoat，and the application performance of this coatingon the back of solar thermal mirrors was studied.［Results］When the ratio of n（—NCO）to n（—OH） was set at 0.8，the coatings met the requirement of rapid curing at 170 ℃ for 3 minutes. The cured paint film exhibited excellent mechanical properties such as pencil hardness，flexibility，impact resistance and abrasion resistance. After 4 000 h of artificial weathering test，the paint film showed no cracking or chalking. After 2 000 h of 5% neutral salt spray test，the paint film displayed no edgecorrosion. Both of the technical requirements for temperature change resistance and heat and humidityresistance of the paint film were met.［Conclusion］ This solar thermal mirror back coating has excellent performance and broad application prospects.

［Objective］To reduce scratches on the car body and enhance vehicle appearance.［Methods］This study aimed to analyze the causes and scenarios of scratches on the automotive paint films，summarize the methods to improve the scratch resistance of the clearcoats，evaluate the scratch resistance，appearance，mechanical properties，and application performance of a commercially available scratch resistant clearcoat，and verify its compatibility with existing coating lines.［Results］ The scratch resistant clearcoat has improved its scratch resistance，long and short wave performance，loss of gloss，mechanical properties，and application performance，compared to 2K clearcoats，with a loss of gloss reduced to 4. 0% compared to 2K clearcoat（20. 1%）.［Conclusion］ The scratch-resistant clearcoat exhibits excellent appearance characteristics，including high fullness，good transparency，and excellent leveling performance. Furthermore，its scratch resistance，application performance，and other properties are also superior，making it suitable for use in existing coating lines to enhance the overall appearance of automobiles.

［Objective］ The current national standard GB 14907—2018 certifies the grade for intumescent fire-retardant coatings（IFCs） based solely on fire resistance time. Consequently，test reports for IFCs lack the critical parameter required for structural design—equivalent thermal resistance— making it difficult for structural engineers to directly determine the required coating thickness inpractice.［Methods］ In this paper，a novel engineering method utilizing the mandatory test itemsspecified in the national standard fire resistance test（namely，the maximum mid-span deflection of steel beams，the substrate peak temperature，and the fire resistance time）is proposed. Based on heat transfer theory and the high-temperature mechanical properties of steel，a computational model linking “national standard test parameters -equivalent thermal resistance -coating thickness”is established， Practical design curves are also provided by solving the transcendental equations.［Results］Validation based on actual test data from commercial IFC products demonstrated that the equivalent thermal resistance values acquired by this method deviated by no more than 12% from experimentally measuredvalues. Furthermore，the results were generally conservative，aligning with the principle of engineeringsafety design. This approach can eliminate the need for dedicated experiments to determine equivalentthermal resistance，significantly simplifying the process of fire-resistant design.［Conclusion］ The proposed method effectively bridges the critical data gap between the national product certification forfire-retardant coatings（GB 14907—2018） and the structural design code（GB 51249—2017）. It provides a scientific，direct，and operable solution for determining coating thickness in the engineering application of IFCs. This advancement is expected to promote the standardization use of IFCs instructural fire-resistant design.

［Objective/Significance］ Peelable coating is a category of temporary protective materials that integrates the functions of "film -forming，encapsulating，and integral peeling". It demonstrates significant potential in fields such as the degradation of chemical warfare agents， radioactive decontamination，cultural relic preservation，and protection of nuclear power facilities.［Analysis/Discussion/Progress］This article focuses on the core research content of peelable coatings， systematically reviewing their material systems，preparation processes，performance optimization strategies，and industrial applications in multiple fields. At the same time，it deeply explores the keyissues and optimization directions currently being faced.［Conclusion/Prospect］Peelable coating canretain its essential peelability while achieving marked improvements in mechanical strength，barrier properties，and decontamination efficiency through strategies such as nanofiller reinforcement， multilayer structural design，and controllable cross-linking. Future efforts should advance the peelablecoating towards greener formulations，intelligent functionalities，extended service life，and enhanced engineering applicability to overcome existing bottlenecks and broaden their practical prospects.

［Objective/Significance］ Microbiologically influenced corrosion（MIC） caused byalgal attachment poses a serious threat to metals，concrete，and coating. This paper reviews the corrosion behaviors and mechanisms of algae on these substrates，as well as the recent progress in algal inhibitors in coating.［Analysis/Discussion/Progress］Algal adhesion on metal surfaces can induce localized corrosion and accelerate pitting. On concrete，the attachment of algae accelerates concrete aging and reduces its compressive strength. For coating，algal colonization induces stress cracking andaccelerates degradation. The primary mechanisms of algal inhibitors include disrupting the integrity ofalgal cell membranes，leading to cell death，and inhibiting key cellular processes such as photosynthesis by targeting organelles like chloroplasts.［Conclusion/Prospect］Future research on algal inhibitors should focus on enhancing environmental compatibility and achieving long-lastinginhibitory efficacy.