［Objective/Significance］The irreversible damage of traditional polyurethane coatingsis a primary cause of significant industrial corrosion failures. Introducing dynamic covalent bonds andsupramolecular interactions through molecular-level chemical structure design to endow coatings withbiomimetic self-healing functions is key to addressing this challenge.［Analysis/Review/Progress］ This paper systematically reviews the chemical structure design strategies of self-healing polyurethanecoatings，focusing on molecular designs based on dynamic covalent bonds such as disulfide bonds andDiels-Alder bonds and their regulation of mechanical and repair properties of coatings；supramolecular designs based on multiple hydrogen bonds，metal coordination bonds and host-guest interactions；as well as the synergistic design principles of dual and multiple dynamic networks to resolve the contradiction between strength and repair. The structure-performance relationships of these materials in typical application scenarios such as corrosion resistance，superhydrophobicity，antibacterial， antifouling properties are further analyzed.［Conclusion/Prospect］ Future development of fast-response and environment-friendly dynamic polyurethane systems can offer an effective route towardthe preparation of high-performance，long-lasting protective coatings.