The anti-explosion and anti-impact performance of protective structures was acritical guarantee for life safety，and materials and structures were the two main ways toimprove protective performance. Sprayed polyurea elastomers were widely used in the field ofanti-explosion and anti-impact protection due to their excellent mechanical properties andenergy-absorbing characteristics. Based on the anti-impact performance of sprayed polyureaelastomers，this article introduced their excellent explosion and impact protection performanceunder different test methods，analyzing their good adaptability under different strain rates and environments，and found that the coating thickness and coating structure could affect the material's anti-impact performance. From the micro-level of materials and impedance mismatch，the anti-impact mechanism of sprayed polyurea elastomers was summarized. Finally，the energy dissipation mechanism and optimization methods of anti-impact composite structures were expounded，some problems and development directions in sprayed polyureaelastomers and composite structures were pointed out.