【目的 /意义】水性聚氨酯涂层具有环境友好和应用广泛等特点，但提升力学、耐水和耐溶剂等性能，实现涂层的高性能化与功能化，扩大应用领域等方面的研究仍在不断的发展。【分析 /评论 /进展】系统综述了应用聚合物分子设计原理，通过水性聚氨酯主链和侧链的结构改变，功能组分的引入和化学交联与氢键交联网络结构的调控，在提升水性聚氨酯涂层综合性能及赋予其多功能性方面的研究进展，重点讨论了水性聚氨酯在显示光学膜涂层、合成革及医用敷料等领域的应用潜力。【结论 /展望】尽管水性聚氨酯涂层已在多个领域实现应用，但面向光学显示和机器人皮肤等前沿技术需求，仍需提升其性能，满足高透光、耐老化、仿生柔韧、导热和自修复等性能要求。

［Objective/Significance］Waterborne polyurethane（WPU）coatings are characterized by environmental friendliness and a wide range of applications. However，continuous efforts are still devoted to enhancing their mechanical，water resistance and solvent resistance，achieving high-performance and functionalization，and expanding their application fields.［Analysis/Discussion/Progress］In this paper，the progress in performance enhancement and functionalization of WPU coatings achieved byapplying polymer molecular design principles，including modifications of main-chain and side-chain structures，introduction of functional components，and regulation of chemical crosslinking and hydrogenbonding networks were systematically reviewed. Furthermore，the application potential of WPU coatings in display optical film coatings，synthetic leather，and medical dressings was demonstrated.［Conclusion/Prospect］Although WPU coatings have been applied in various fields，their performancestill need to be further enhanced to meet the demands of frontier technologies such as optical displaysand robotic skins，with requirements for high light transmittance，aging resistance，biomimetic flexibility，thermal conductivity，and self-healing capability.