【目的 /意义】水电站过水道结构表面易受贻贝等淡水生物附着，从而引发水流堵塞、流速衰减及污损腐蚀等问题。【分析 /评论 /进展】系统探讨了淡水生物的附着类型、机理及与海水环境的差异，分析附着生长过程、生物类群特性及对水电工程的危害；综述了不同科学领域的主流防污技术，结合国际工程案例评估了不同防污涂层的应用效能与选型逻辑。淡水生物通过静电吸附、足丝黏附等复杂机制造成严重污损，其中贻贝因附着强度高、繁殖速度快成为核心危害物种；防污涂层可有效抑制贻贝及藻类生长，铜基与有机硅基涂层能显著降低贻贝附着率，节省年度清理维护费用。【结论 /展望】物理清除水电站结构污损存在停机损耗，化学防治存在生态风险，兼具环保、长效、经济优势的环保型防污涂层如低表面能增强有机硅复合涂层具有较好的应用前景。

［Objective/Significance］To address the problems of water flow blockage，flow rate reduction，and fouling corrosion caused by freshwater organisms such as mussels attaching to thestructural surface of hydropower water passages，and to provide technical guidance for improving theoperational safety and economic efficiency of hydropower facilities.［Analysis/Discussion/Progress］ This study systematically explored the types and mechanisms of aquatic organism attachment infreshwater，as well as the differences compared with marine environments. The fouling attachment process，characteristics of organisms，and their hazards to hydropower projects were analyzed. Themainstream antifouling technologies including mechanical removal，biocides，biology，and materials science were reviewed. The application effectiveness and selection criteria of different antifouling coatings were evaluated based on international engineering cases. Freshwater organisms cause severefouling through complex mechanisms such as electrostatic adsorption and byssal adhesion. Due to highattachment strength and rapid reproduction，mussels have become the core hazardous species. Antifouling coatings can effectively prevent the growth of mussels and algae，and application cases insome international hydropower stations have verified that copper-based and silicone-based coatingscan significantly reduce the mussel attachment rate and save annual cleaning and maintenance costs.［Conclusion/Prospect］ Physical removal involves downtime losses，while chemical control poses ecological risks. Environmentally friendly antifouling coatings（especially low surface energy silicone composite coatings） have the advantages of being environmentally friendly，long-lasting，and economical，making them a promising prevention and control measure to ensure the safe and efficient operation of the hydropower station structures.