【目的/意义】通过系统梳理自分层涂料相分离理论、设计策略及现存瓶颈，为该领域技术突破提供理论与实践基础，拓展新兴领域应用场景。【分析/评论/进展】系统阐述了自分层涂料的相分离理论，包括密度梯度驱动理论、Flory-Huggins理论、Hansen溶解度理论、表面能关系理论等；深入探讨了体系设计策略，涉及不同树脂组合、溶剂体系复配、颜填料选择、助剂添加、工艺参数调控及多功能性协同效应等；指出当前技术在规模化生产、涂膜稳定性、结构和性能精准调控等方面存在的瓶颈。【结论/展望】基于相分离理论设计合成的自分层涂料，兼具多层结构优势，却面临生产工艺复杂、涂层稳定性不足等瓶颈。未来需深化理论研究、优化制备工艺，拓展其在多功能集成及智能化等领域的应用，推动工业化进程。

［Objective/Significance］By sorting out phase separation theories，design strategies and existing bottlenecks of self-stratifying coatings，this paper lays a theoretical and practicalfoundation for technical breakthroughs. Future research is expected to advance their multi-functionalintegration and intelligent applications， expanding scenarios in emerging fields.［Analysis/Discussion/Progress］ The phase separation theories of self-stratifying coatings were systematically described，including density gradient-driven theory，Flory-Huggins theory，Hansen solubility theory and surface energy theory. Furthermore，the system design strategies were discussed in-depth，covering resin selection and combination，solvent system formulation，pigment and filler selection，additive incorporation，process parameter regulation and multi-functional synergy. The current technological bottlenecks in large-scale production，coating stability and precise control of structure and performance were clearly pointed out.［Conclusion/Prospect］Self-stratifying coatings， designed via phase separation theory，embody multi-layer advantages but face with bottlenecks like intricate production and poor film stability. Efforts should be done furtherly to advance theory，optimize preparation，expand its applications in areas such as multifunctional integration and intelligence，and facilitate industrialization.